The working bibliography

• Scholarship

  Smeets, Ineke. A Grammar of Mapuche. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008.

  Reference grammar of Mapudungun.

• Scholarship

  Zúñiga, Fernando. Mapudungun: El habla mapuche. Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos, 2006.

  Linguistic description, sociolinguistic situation, orthographies.

• Scholarship

  Bengoa, José. Historia del pueblo mapuche (siglos XIX y XX). Santiago: LOM Ediciones, 2000.

  Standard history of the 19th–20th centuries.

• Census data

  Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (Chile). Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017 — resultados sobre pueblos originarios.

  Self-identification figures for Chile.

• Census data

  INDEC (Argentina). Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 — población indígena u originaria.

  Self-identification figures for Argentina.

• Scholarship

  Marimán, Pablo; Caniuqueo, Sergio; Millalén, José; Levil, Rodrigo. ¡…Escucha, winka…! Cuatro ensayos de Historia Nacional Mapuche. Santiago: LOM Ediciones, 2006.

  Mapuche-authored national history — priority source per our standards.

• Scholarship

  Comisión de Verdad Histórica y Nuevo Trato con los Pueblos Indígenas (Chile). Informe final, 2003.

  State truth-commission record; source for dispossession figures (títulos de merced).

• Scholarship

  Vivar, Jerónimo de. Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile (1558).

  Contemporary chronicle of the conquest-era campaigns; primary source for 16th-century Mapuche dress, weapons and the events of the 1553–1557 rising. Colonial perspective — read critically.

• Scholarship

  Góngora Marmolejo, Alonso de. Historia de todas las cosas que han acaecido en el Reino de Chile (1575).

  Contemporary soldier-chronicler; colonial perspective — read critically.

• Scholarship

  Ercilla, Alonso de. La Araucana (1569–1589).

  Epic poem, not documentary record: Ercilla reached Chile after Lautaro's death. Quoted only as literature, with framing.

• Institution

  Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile — dossiers 'El toqui Lautaro (ca. 1534–1557)', 'Visión hispana de Lautaro' and 'La Araucana'.

• Article

  'Entre El Vergel y la platería mapuche: el trabajo de metales en la Araucanía poscontacto (1550–1850 d.C.)'. Chungará (Arica) 47(4), 2015, 621–644.

  Peer-reviewed metals study: period metal was El Vergel copper; funerary metal associates with women and subadults — basis of the no-metal ruling for the Leftraru reconstruction.

• Article

  'Mapuche y Español en la Batalla de Penco de 1550. Nuevo espacio museográfico' — museographic reconstruction study built on Bibar's chronicle.

  Secondary carrier of Bibar's dress, armour and wartime-hair testimony; methodological precedent for period reconstruction.

• Scholarship

  Coña, Pascual (with Ernesto Wilhelm de Moesbach). Lonco Pascual Coña ñi tuculpazugun / Testimonio de un cacique mapuche. Santiago, 1930.

  First-person account of 19th-century Mapuche life, including dress and custom.

• Scholarship

  Cayuqueo, Pedro. Historia secreta mapuche. Santiago: Catalonia, 2017.

  Widely read Mapuche-authored popular history.

• Institution

  Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Santiago — Mapuche collections and catalogue essays (silverwork, textiles).

• Scholarship

  Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino. Catálogo Razonado — colección Mapuche (2025), co-produced with rütrafe, weavers, potters, longko and educators.

  Intercultural catalogue raisonné; primary reference for object terminology and dating.

• Institution

  Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile — 'Fotografía del pueblo mapuche, siglos XIX y XX' and 'Indumentaria' collections.

  Photographic and dress documentation, presented under our historical-photography protocol: staging and commercial context are always named.

• Institution

  Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile — digital collections on Mapuche history and culture.

• Community project

  Kimeltuwe — materiales de mapudungun (community language-teaching project).

  Widely used contemporary teaching materials.

Sources consulted for a specific page are listed in that page's “About this information” panel. If a claim seems unsupported by these materials, that is exactly the kind of thing we want to hear about.